Atomic meta-materials can be considered as the 3rd generation of meta-material , having a manufacturing manipulation that moves beyond artificial “meta atoms” to a real atomic and or molecular scale of manipulation.
Unlike traditional meta-materials where properties arise from the geometry of micro- or nano-scale structures, atomic-level meta-materials derive their exotic properties from very precise arrangement and chemical interactions of atoms themselves.
for example In a chemical reaction,atoms are arranged to form new substances, this is a process governed by the Law of Conservation of Mass this law states that no atoms are created or destroyed,
rearrangement is driven by the interaction of valence electrons (the outermost electrons), which are either shared to form covalent bonds or transferred to form ionic bonds.
DESCRIPTION OF VALENCE ELECTRONS:
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom, located in the highest energy level or shell. Because they are the furthest from the nucleus, they are less tightly held and are the first to interact with other atoms,
covalent bonds
A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons
ionic bonds.
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond formed by the complete transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another, this results in the formation of oppositely charged ions.
This process typically occurs between a metal (which loses electrons to become a positively charged cation) and a non-metal (which gains electrons to become a negatively charged anion).
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